Profiling Guide

This guide covers essential profiling tools and techniques for analyzing C++ performance.

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Optimization Workflow

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Overview

Performance optimization follows a simple cycle:

1. Measure - Profile to find bottlenecks
2. Analyze - Understand the root cause
3. Optimize - Apply targeted improvements
4. Verify - Measure again to confirm improvement

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Tools

perf (Linux)

perf is the standard Linux profiling tool.

Profiling Workflow with perf

Installation

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt-get install linux-tools-common linux-tools-generic

# Fedora
sudo dnf install perf

Basic Usage

# Record CPU samples
perf record -g ./your_benchmark

# View report
perf report

# Show annotated source
perf annotate

Useful Commands

# CPU cycles breakdown
perf stat ./your_benchmark

# Cache miss analysis
perf stat -e cache-references,cache-misses,L1-dcache-load-misses ./your_benchmark

# Branch prediction
perf stat -e branches,branch-misses ./your_benchmark

# Record with call graph (dwarf for C++)
perf record -g --call-graph dwarf ./your_benchmark

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FlameGraph

FlameGraphs provide intuitive visualization of where time is spent.

Using the Project Script

# Generate FlameGraph for a benchmark
./tools/performance/generate_flamegraph.sh ./build/release/examples/02-memory-cache/bench/aos_soa_bench

# View the result
firefox flamegraph.svg

Manual Generation

# Clone FlameGraph tools (if not already done)
git clone https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph.git

# Record with perf
perf record -F 99 -g ./your_benchmark

# Generate FlameGraph
perf script | ./FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl | ./FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl > flamegraph.svg

Reading FlameGraphs

• Width = Time spent (wider = more time)
• Height = Call stack depth
• Color = Random (no meaning)
• Top = Currently executing function
• Bottom = Entry point (main)

Look for:

• Wide plateaus (hot functions)
• Deep stacks (excessive call depth)
• Unexpected functions taking time

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Valgrind

Valgrind provides detailed memory and cache analysis.

Cachegrind (Cache Simulation)

# Run cache simulation
valgrind --tool=cachegrind ./your_benchmark

# View results
cg_annotate cachegrind.out.*

Output shows:

• I1 cache misses (instruction cache)
• D1 cache misses (L1 data cache)
• LL cache misses (last-level cache)

Callgrind (Call Graph Profiling)

# Run call graph profiling
valgrind --tool=callgrind ./your_benchmark

# View with KCachegrind (GUI)
kcachegrind callgrind.out.*

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Intel VTune (Advanced)

VTune provides the most detailed analysis on Intel CPUs.

Installation

Download from Intel oneAPI.

Basic Usage

# Hotspots analysis
vtune -collect hotspots ./your_benchmark

# Memory access analysis
vtune -collect memory-access ./your_benchmark

# Microarchitecture analysis
vtune -collect uarch-exploration ./your_benchmark

# View results
vtune-gui

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Profiling Strategies

CPU-Bound Code

1. Start with perf stat for overview
2. Use perf record + FlameGraph to find hot functions
3. Use perf annotate to see hot instructions
4. Check vectorization with compiler reports

# Check if code is vectorized
g++ -O3 -march=native -fopt-info-vec-optimized your_code.cpp

Memory-Bound Code

1. Check cache misses with perf stat
2. Use Cachegrind for detailed cache analysis
3. Look for:
   • High L1 miss rate (> 5%)
   • High LLC miss rate (> 1%)
   • Poor spatial locality

# Quick cache check
perf stat -e L1-dcache-load-misses,L1-dcache-loads ./your_benchmark

Multi-threaded Code

1. Check for false sharing
2. Analyze lock contention
3. Verify thread scaling

# Check for cache line bouncing (false sharing indicator)
perf stat -e cache-misses ./your_benchmark

# Run with different thread counts
OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 ./your_benchmark
OMP_NUM_THREADS=2 ./your_benchmark
OMP_NUM_THREADS=4 ./your_benchmark

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Common Performance Issues

1. Cache Misses

Symptoms:

• High L1/L2/L3 miss rates
• Memory bandwidth saturation

Solutions:

• Improve data locality (SOA layout)
• Use prefetching
• Reduce working set size

2. Branch Mispredictions

Symptoms:

• High branch-misses count
• Unpredictable control flow

Solutions:

• Use branchless code
• Sort data to improve prediction
• Use CMOV instructions

3. False Sharing

Symptoms:

• Poor multi-threaded scaling
• High cache-to-cache transfers

Solutions:

• Pad data to cache line boundaries
• Use thread-local storage
• Reduce shared state

4. Vectorization Failures

Symptoms:

• Scalar code in hot loops
• No SIMD instructions in assembly

Solutions:

• Align data
• Use restrict pointers
• Simplify loop structure
• Use explicit SIMD intrinsics

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Benchmark Best Practices

Avoid Measurement Errors

// Prevent dead code elimination
benchmark::DoNotOptimize(result);

// Force memory writes to be visible
benchmark::ClobberMemory();

Warm Up Caches

// Run a few iterations before measuring
for (int i = 0; i < warmup_iterations; ++i) {
    do_work();
}

Control Environment

# Disable CPU frequency scaling
sudo cpupower frequency-set --governor performance

# Pin to specific CPU
taskset -c 0 ./your_benchmark

# Disable ASLR for reproducibility
echo 0 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space

Statistical Significance

• Run multiple iterations
• Report mean, median, and standard deviation
• Use Google Benchmark's built-in statistics

# Run with statistics
./your_benchmark --benchmark_repetitions=10 --benchmark_report_aggregates_only=true

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Quick Reference

Task	Tool	Command
CPU hotspots	perf	perf record -g ./bench && perf report
Cache misses	perf	perf stat -e cache-misses ./bench
Visual profile	FlameGraph	./tools/performance/generate_flamegraph.sh ./bench
Detailed cache	Valgrind	valgrind --tool=cachegrind ./bench
Call graph	Valgrind	valgrind --tool=callgrind ./bench
Vectorization	GCC	-fopt-info-vec-optimized
Vectorization	Clang	-Rpass=loop-vectorize

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See Also

• Learning Path - Follow the curriculum
• Best Practices - Optimization patterns
• Troubleshooting - Common issues